Achieving a flawless concrete finish requires careful planning, the right tools and proper technique. Whether you’re creating a garden path, driveway or foundation, understanding the fundamentals of concrete laying is essential for a successful project.

In this article, we explore the comprehensive process of laying concrete, from initial preparation to the final finish.

Site Preparation

Before mixing any concrete, thorough site preparation is crucial. Begin by clearing the area of vegetation, debris and loose soil. The ground must be properly levelled and compacted to prevent future settling.

For larger projects, consider using a plate compactor to ensure a stable base. Install formwork using sturdy timber boards or metal forms, ensuring they’re perfectly level and securely braced. The formwork creates the boundaries for your concrete and must be robust enough to withstand the weight and pressure of wet concrete.

Sub-base Preparation

A well-prepared sub-base is vital for long-lasting concrete. Lay a minimum of 100mm of hardcore (crushed stone or gravel) and compact it thoroughly. This layer provides essential drainage and helps prevent cracking caused by ground movement. For areas subject to heavy loads, consider increasing the sub-base depth to 150mm or more. Remember to account for the final concrete depth when establishing your levels.

Mixing the Concrete

Whether using ready-mixed concrete or mixing on-site, achieving the right consistency is key. The ideal mix should be neither too wet nor too dry — aim for a workable consistency that holds its shape when formed into a ball. For on-site mixing, maintain a consistent water-to-cement ratio throughout the project. Too much water weakens the final structure, whilst too little makes the mix unworkable.

Laying Techniques

Pour the concrete systematically, starting from the furthest corner and working backwards. This approach prevents you from having to walk through freshly laid concrete. Spread the mixture evenly, ensuring it fills all corners and edges of the formwork. Use a straight edge (screed board) to level the surface, working with a sawing motion to remove excess material.

Compaction and Initial Finishing

Proper compaction eliminates air pockets and ensures maximum strength. For smaller projects, use a tamping beam or float. Larger areas may require mechanical compaction equipment. Once levelled, allow the concrete to begin setting until bleed water disappears from the surface. This usually takes 30-60 minutes, depending on weather conditions.

Surface Finishing

The timing of surface finishing is crucial. Begin too early, and you’ll trap bleed water beneath the surface; too late, and achieving a smooth finish becomes difficult. Start with a bull float to smooth the surface, followed by edging tools to create neat borders. For a non-slip finish, use a brush to create a subtle texture, or choose from various finishing techniques depending on the desired outcome.

Curing Process

Proper curing is essential for achieving maximum strength and durability. Cover the concrete with plastic sheeting or apply a curing compound to prevent rapid moisture loss. Maintain protection for at least seven days, longer in cold weather. Avoid foot traffic for at least 24 hours and vehicle traffic for at least seven days.

Ready to Transform Your Space?

For expert concrete laying services that stand the test of time, contact Kettle and Black. We supply the best-quality concrete, guaranteed.

Contact us today for a free quote.